GPPS (General Purpose Polystyrene)
General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS), also called Crystal PS — an amorphous, glassy, transparent thermoplastic with sparkle appearance. Excellent optical clarity (~88-92% light transmission), high stiffness, good dimensional stability, low cost. Inherently brittle (elongation 1-3%) and notch-sensitive — HIPS is the impact-modified alternative. Commercialized in the 1930s; today mainly produced by INEOS Styrolution, Trinseo, and TotalEnergies. Typical applications: disposable cups, CD cases, Petri dishes, yogurt containers, cosmetic packaging, costume jewelry, toys, office equipment.
International equivalents
| Flag | Standard | Country | Grade | Number | Match |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 1043 | INT | PS | — | REF | |
| 🇺🇸 | ASTM D5634 | USA | PS | — | 100% |
| 🇩🇪 | DIN 7741 | Germany | PS (Typ 1) | — | 100% |
Mechanical properties — Pro
Typical
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | ||
| Tensile Strength | ||
| Elastic Modulus | ||
| Elongation | ||
| Glass Transition Temp (Tg) | ||
| hdt_1.8mpa | ||
| impact_kv | ||
| Water Absorption (24h) | ||
| light_transmission | ||
| Continuous Use Temp |
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EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber)
Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber — THE outdoor/weather elastomer. Saturated backbone gives outstanding ozone, UV, and weathering resistance. Excellent resistance to steam, hot water, and polar solvents. NOT resistant to oils/fuels (opposite of NBR). Good electrical insulation. ρ 0.85-1.3 (lightest common rubber). Used for automotive door/window seals, roofing membranes, radiator hoses, HVAC gaskets, and pond liners.
Epoxy/Carbon Fiber (CFRP)
Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy — the benchmark structural composite material. Unidirectional ply: tensile strength 1500–2000 MPa, modulus 120–150 GPa at density 1.55 g/cm³ (5x stronger than steel at 1/5 the weight). Quasi-isotropic layup: UTS ~600 MPa, E ~50 GPa. Autoclave-cured prepreg (aerospace) or infusion/RTM (industrial). Used in aerospace primary structures (fuselage, wings), Formula 1 chassis, bicycle frames, wind turbine blades, pressure vessels (Type IV) and high-end sporting goods. Fiber types: T300, T700, T800, M40J, M55J.
FKM (Fluoroelastomer / Viton)
Fluoroelastomer — THE high-temperature and chemical-resistant rubber. Outstanding resistance to oils, fuels, acids, and solvents at temperatures up to 200°C (short-term 230°C). Fluorine content (64-70%) determines chemical resistance. Trade names: Viton (Chemours), Tecnoflon (Solvay), Dai-El (Daikin). 5-10x more expensive than NBR. Used for aerospace fuel seals, chemical process seals, automotive fuel injector O-rings, semiconductor processing, and any seal exposed to aggressive chemicals at high temperature.
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