Materials database

Improved version of Hastelloy C-276 with better resistance to oxidizing media and higher chromium. Considered the most versatile Ni-Cr-Mo alloy for chemical processing. Resists both oxidizing and reducing acids, chlorides, and mixed media. Used for flue gas desulfurization, pharmaceutical, and universal chemical processing.

The most versatile corrosion-resistant alloy available. Ni-Mo-Cr-W composition resists both oxidizing and reducing environments. Outstanding resistance to pitting, stress corrosion cracking, and wet chlorine gas. Used in chemical processing, flue gas desulfurization, pulp & paper, and waste treatment.

Nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum solid-solution superalloy — exceptional combination of oxidation resistance, fabricability, and high-temperature strength. NOT age-hardenable (solid-solution only). Oxidation-resistant to 1200°C, good ductility after 16000h at 650-870°C. Outstanding formability and weldability for a superalloy. Used for gas turbine combustor cans, transition ducts, afterburners, furnace hardware, and petrochemical process equipment.

Cobalt-nickel-chromium-tungsten superalloy with lanthanum addition for oxidation resistance. Solid-solution strengthened. Bright annealed: Rm ~946 MPa, Rp0.2 ~464 MPa, A ~53%. At 980°C: Rm ~243 MPa, Rp0.2 ~131 MPa. Density 8.98 g/cm³. Excellent oxidation and sulfidation resistance to 1095°C. Good resistance to molten chloride salts and sulfate hot corrosion. UNS R30188, AMS 5608 (sheet), AMS 5772 (bar). Applications: gas turbine combustors, transition ducts, flame holders, afterburner liners, industrial furnace components.

Nickel-chromium-tungsten alloy — THE combustor can material for gas turbines. Outstanding oxidation resistance to 1149°C for prolonged exposure. Excellent long-term thermal stability (no sigma/mu phase after 16000h at 649-870°C). Lower thermal expansion than most high-temp alloys. Lanthanum addition improves oxide scale adherence. Used for gas turbine combustion cans, transition ducts, furnace retorts, and catalyst grids in nitric acid production.

Hot-pressed hexagonal boron nitride — "white graphite". Unique among ceramics: soft (Mohs 2), easily machinable with conventional tools, self-lubricating. Excellent thermal shock resistance, high-temperature stability (2800°C in inert atmosphere). Good thermal conductivity (30–60 W/m·K) combined with outstanding electrical insulation. Anisotropic properties. Not wetted by most molten metals. Applications: BN crucibles for metal melting, break rings for continuous casting, high-temp insulators, evaporation boats, plasma-resistant parts, solid lubricant.

High Impact Polystyrene — polystyrene toughened with 5-15% polybutadiene rubber dispersed as rubber particles in the PS matrix. Opaque milky-white (rubber scatters light). Impact strength 4-10× higher than GPPS, with corresponding reduction in transparency and stiffness. FDA-compliant natural grades approved for food contact. Excellent machinability and dimensional stability — frequent choice for pre-production prototypes and housings. Typical applications: TV housings, air conditioner exteriors, copier/printer housings, toys, frozen food trays, refrigerator interior liners, yogurt cups.

The most widely used high-speed steel worldwide, known as AISI M2. Contains 6% W, 5% Mo and 2% V providing excellent red hardness (retains cutting ability at 600°C+), high wear resistance and good toughness. Hardened to 62–65 HRC. Standard material for twist drills, milling cutters, taps, reamers, broaches, saw blades, cold forming tools and punches. PM (powder metallurgy) variants available for improved toughness and grindability.

Standard cobalt high speed steel with 5% Co — the most widely used cobalt HSS grade. Also known as M35 or HSS-E/HSSE. Better hot hardness and cutting performance than M2, lower cost than M42. HRC 64-66 hardened. The "go-to upgrade" when M2 performance is insufficient. Used for drill bits (HSS-Co branded), taps, end mills, saw blades, and general-purpose cutting tools for stainless steel and medium-hard alloys.

Nickel-iron-chromium alloy with Mo, Cu, and Ti additions. Excellent resistance to both reducing and oxidizing acids, stress corrosion cracking, and pitting. Cost-effective alternative to pure Ni alloys. Used in chemical processing, pollution control, oil/gas recovery, and acid production.

Nickel-chromium-iron alloy — the standard engineering material for combined heat and corrosion resistance. Not precipitation hardenable. Virtually immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking. Service from cryogenic to 1095°C. Used for furnace components, nuclear steam generators, chemical plant equipment, and food processing.

Nickel-chromium-iron alloy with aluminum for outstanding high-temperature oxidation resistance up to 1200°C. The Al forms a protective oxide scale resistant to spalling under cyclic thermal conditions. Better oxidation resistance than Inconel 600 (which lacks Al). Used for furnace hardware (baskets, trays, fixtures), radiant tubes, thermocouple protection tubes, catalyst support grids, and thermal reactors in automotive exhaust systems.

Nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy for the highest temperature service of any Inconel — continuous use to 1000°C+. Unique combination of high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and carburization resistance. 12% Co for solid-solution strengthening at extreme temperature. ASME Code Case N-47-28 for nuclear service to 950°C. Used for gas turbine combustors, petrochemical reformer tubes, catalyst grid supports, and next-generation nuclear heat exchangers (VHTR).

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium superalloy. Solid-solution strengthened (no precipitation hardening required). Outstanding corrosion resistance from cryogenic to 982°C. Used for jet engine exhaust systems, marine components, chemical processing, flare stacks, and nuclear applications.

High-chromium (27-31%) nickel alloy — THE nuclear PWR steam generator tube material, replacing Inconel 600 due to superior SCC resistance. Ni 58% min + Cr 30% = exceptional resistance to oxidizing media, nitric acid, and high-temperature atmospheres. Also used for coal gasification, radioactive waste processing, and sulfuric/hydrofluoric acid environments.

Precipitation-hardenable nickel-iron-chromium alloy (Ni-40Fe-16Cr-3Nb-1.7Ti). Similar properties to Inconel 718 but significantly better machinability and fabricability due to delayed hardening response. Solution-annealed: Rm ~757 MPa, Rp0.2 ~383 MPa. Precipitation-hardened: Rm ~1334 MPa, Rp0.2 ~1112 MPa, A ~24%. Excellent resistance to postweld strain-age cracking. Max service temperature ~705°C. Applications: gas turbine discs, compressor blades, turbine shafts, fasteners, ring forgings for power generation and aerospace.

THE most widely used aerospace superalloy. Precipitation-hardened Ni-Cr-Fe alloy strengthened by gamma-prime and gamma-double-prime phases (Nb). Unique slow aging kinetics allow welding without cracking. UTS >1275 MPa aged. Used for gas turbine discs, jet engine components, rocket motors, cryogenic tanks, and oil/gas downhole tools. Service to 700°C.

Age-hardenable Ni-Cr-Fe superalloy for high-temperature spring and fastener applications. Strengthened by gamma-prime precipitation (Al+Ti). Oxidation and corrosion resistant to ~700°C service. Used for gas turbine springs, rocket engine thrust chambers, nuclear reactor components, and high-temp fasteners.

Liquid Crystal Polymer — self-reinforcing aromatic polyester with outstanding flow into thin walls (<0.2mm). Extremely low moisture absorption (0.02%), minimal warpage, excellent dimensional stability. Near-zero creep. Inherently flame-retardant (V-0 at 0.2mm). Very high HDT (>270°C). Trade names: Vectra (Celanese), Zenite (DuPont), Siveras (Toray). THE micro-connector and SMT-reflow-compatible polymer. Used for SMD connectors, fiber optic ferrules, chip carriers, sensors, and ultra-thin-wall electronic housings.

Lean duplex stainless steel with minimal Ni and Mo — the most cost-effective duplex grade. Uses Mn and N instead of expensive Ni for austenite stability. Double the yield strength of 304 (450 MPa vs 190 MPa). Used as a direct replacement for 304/316L where higher strength or better SCC resistance is needed.

Lean duplex stainless steel with low Mo content. More economical than 2205 with better corrosion resistance than 304/316L. Developed for construction, water treatment, and storage tanks where full duplex properties are not required.

The most widely used high-speed steel worldwide. W-Mo-Cr-V composition gives excellent red hardness (cuts at temperatures up to 600°C). Used for twist drills, end mills, taps, reamers, bandsaw blades, and general-purpose cutting tools. The benchmark HSS grade.

Cobalt super high speed steel — 8% Co for maximum hot hardness (HRC 69 at 550°C). THE HSS for machining superalloys, titanium, and pre-hardened steels where M2 burns out. Mo-series (not W-series like T15). Reaches HRC 68-70 after hardening — among the hardest HSS grades. Also known as HS2-9-1-8 (EN) or SKH59 (JIS). Used for drills, end mills, taps, broaches, and milling cutters for difficult-to-machine materials.

Nickel-copper alloy with excellent resistance to seawater, hydrofluoric acid, and alkaline environments. One of the few alloys resistant to HF acid at all concentrations. Used for marine engineering, chemical processing, oil refinery piping, and valve/pump components.